Strategic Petroleum Reserves (SPR) are crucial for energy security, allowing nations to manage crises caused by supply disruptions, wars, or price fluctuations. The International Energy Agency (IEA) mandates a 90-day reserve for member nations, but building and maintaining SPRs is costly and complex. Underground salt caverns offer efficient storage but require significant investment and time, as seen in India's phased SPR development. Regular replenishment is also challenging due to volatile oil prices. Only economically and politically stable nations, such as the US, China, Japan, South Korea, EU and India can sustain large SPRs, while smaller or unstable economies struggle, often relying on external aid for energy security, which comes with geopolitical and economic dependencies.
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